In 1857 the U.S. Supreme Court handed down what has since been regarded as one of its most notorious decisions. In Dred Scott v. Sandford, Chief Justice Roger Taney delivered the opinion of the court, which, in the words of the New York Times, decided that “men of the African race are not citizens of the United States by the Constitution.” Further, the court declared unconstitutional the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which forbade the extension of slavery into territory north of Missouri’s southern border. It got worse. The dyspeptic and ailing Taney heaped more coals onto the scorching debate about slavery by declaring that at the time of the Constitution’s adoption, those of African descent had “been regarded as beings of an inferior order” and “had no rights which a white man was bound to respect.”